Zhao Gongming, also known as Zhao Xuantan or Marshal Zhao, is a highly influential deity in Chinese folk religion and Daoism, revered as the “Martial God of Wealth”. His image blends historical, mythological, and religious elements, forming a rich cultural symbol.

Roles and Divine Functions

1. Martial God of Wealth: His most recognized role. He governs wealth and fortune, believed to bless followers with business prosperity and financial success. Unlike the Civil God of Wealth (often represented by Bi Gan or Fan Li), Zhao Gongming’s martial demeanor signifies both wealth-granting and protective power against evil.
2. Daoist Guardian Deity: In Daoism, he serves as a celestial protector, subjugating demons and defending cosmic order.
3. Thunder Department General: Some legends associate him with the Thunder Ministry, governing lightning alongside deities like Lei Gong (Thunder God).
4. Plague God (Historical): Early texts (e.g., *Soushen Ji*) describe him as a deity spreading瘟疫. Over time, his benevolent aspects prevailed, transforming him into a popular wealth god.

Iconography

– Appearance: Portrayed with a dark face, thick beard, and fierce eyes, exuding authority.

– Mount: A black tiger, symbolizing courage and power.

– Weapon: A golden/iron whip to dispel evil.

– Treasures: Often holds a wealth-attracting *Treasure Basin* or pearls.

– Attire: Wears an iron crown and armor, reflecting his martial status.

Historical Evolution

1. Wei-Jin Period: Earliest records in *Soushen Ji* depict him as a plague-distributing “ghost commander.”
2. Ming Dynasty: The novel *Investiture of the Gods* reshaped his legacy:

– As a powerful immortal from Mount Emei, he aided the Shang Dynasty against Zhou forces.

– Killed by sorcery, he was posthumously enfeoffed as the “Dragon-Tiger Mystic Altar True Lord” tasked with “welcoming blessings and pursuing fugitives.”

– His four subordinates (e.g., God of Attracting Treasures) cemented his association with wealth.

3. Daoist Canon: Later scriptures formalized his divine status in religious orthodoxy.

Cultural Impact

– Worship: His birthday (15th day of the 3rd lunar month) and Chinese New Year prompt rituals by merchants and households seeking prosperity.

– Temples: Widely enshrined in sites like Xi’an’s Zhao Gongming Cultural Park and Qingdao’s Laoshan Taiqing Palace.

– Art: His image features in New Year prints and sculptures as a symbol of luck.

– Modern Media: Adapted in TV, film, and games, reinforcing his cultural relevance.

Conclusion

Zhao Gongming’s transformation from a plague deity to the Martial God of Wealth reflects the adaptability of Chinese folk beliefs. He embodies not only material abundance but also justice, protection, and spiritual solace, maintaining enduring reverence across Chinese communities worldwide.